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The Russian Revolution, 1881-1939 На фото: The Russian Revolution, 1881-1939, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294694 20 сентября 2007

The Russian Revolution fundamentally transformed the political, economic, and sociological landscape of one of the world's largest and most populous countries. The episode dramatically altered the shape and character of international relations across the globe during the twentieth century as well, and would serve as an inspiration for future revolutionary groups...

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Russian Civil War (1918-1921), 1918-1921 На фото: Russian Civil War (1918-1921), 1918-1921, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294659 20 сентября 2007

Counterrevolutionary activity aimed at restoring representative government...

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Lenin and the Communists Impose the "Red Terror", 1917-1924 На фото: Lenin and the Communists Impose the

Публикация №1190294595 20 сентября 2007

The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Ilich Lenin seized power in Russia and proceeded to eliminate opposition by ruthless repression and violation of fundamental human rights...

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Boris Godunov, 1552-1605 На фото: Boris Godunov, 1552-1605, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294537 20 сентября 2007

Russian tsar who attempted the modernization and expansion of Russia but fell victim to famine and the ghost of a dead child...

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 На фото: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294392 20 сентября 2007

On 3 March 1918, the Bolshevik government of Russia signed one of the most punitive peace treaties in history. Having come to power the previous November with a promise to extricate the country from the destruction of World War I, revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin was prepared to accept even the most Draconian peace conditions to quell popular discontent, an objective crucial to the survival of his regime. In the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Soviet Russia pledged to give up vast Russian territories inhabited by nearly 60 million people and containing much of the Russian Empire's industry, farmland, and resources. These territories included modern Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Georgia--borderlands once (and later) thought vital to Russian security.
Germany was obliged to remove its troops from the East after the general World War I armistice, signed in November 1918, and the terms of Brest-Litovsk became irrelevant. This chapter debates what this massive renunciation of territory would have meant for the future of Eastern Europe if Germany had won the war. A common interpretation has held that the Germans would have established permanent hegemony over what had once been the periphery of the Russian Empire, with puppet governments facilitating German strategic and economic exploitation of the region. Another body of thought maintains that the Germans' purpose was to create a buffer zone, a belt of border states to isolate the Soviets from the heart of Europe. Scholars who hold this view argue that, instead of operating as German puppets, many of the new regimes in these states pursued ambitious national policies designed to institutionalize ethnic identities and assert their independence from outside control...

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Soviet Diplomatic Policy in the 1920s На фото: Soviet Diplomatic Policy in the 1920s, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294341 20 сентября 2007

With the end of the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks found themselves masters of their land. How the first communist government would relate to the rest of the world remained a mystery, however. Prerevolutionary theorists and ideologues--including the new state's leader Vladimir Lenin--believed that a successful revolution in Russia would galvanize the proletarians of the world to emulate the Bolsheviks and spread communism worldwide. Western leaders feared a Red victory in the Civil War for precisely that reason. As internal stability returned to Russia, its intentions remained a mystery to the rest of the world, and they are still a subject of debate among historians...

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Russian Working Class in Revolutionary Russia На фото: Russian Working Class in Revolutionary Russia, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294295 20 сентября 2007

This chapter evaluates the validity of the claim made by the Soviet regime and its sympathizers that the Bolshevik Revolution enjoyed the nearly unanimous support of Russia's workers. On the one hand, worker support for Bolshevism seems self-evident. Workers wanted an end to World War I, the defense of the more democratic revolution of February 1917, control of their factories, higher standards of living, and opportunities for social and education advancement. Honestly or not, the Bolsheviks made many promises and offered the greatest degree of credibility in these areas. Their opponents did not, or talked about postponing their resolution to a future time. Workers, guided by their interests, supported the Bolsheviks in a manner demonstrated by Bolshevik majorities in soviets, by mass voluntarism for the Red Guards, Red Army, and new bureaucracy, and by other actions taken in defense of the revolution...

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Relation of Terrorism in Revolutionary Russia to Present-Day Terrorism На фото: Relation of Terrorism in Revolutionary Russia to Present-Day Terrorism, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294172 20 сентября 2007

Since 11 September 2001 the specter of terrorism has pushed study of the phenomenon into the forefront of modern life. This chapter assesses its Russian roots. For many scholars the methods, strategies, and objectives of twenty-first-century terrorists descend in a direct line from the violent revolutionary movements that plagued Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The expectation that the unpredictable use of lethal force would create major political change; organization into clandestine cells and other underground formations; and reliance on simple technologies all had Russian precedents and more or less direct linkages...

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Early Soviet Economy. Was the New Economic Policy (NEP) effective in promoting recovery from war and revolution? На фото: Early Soviet Economy. Was the New Economic Policy (NEP) effective in promoting recovery from war and revolution?, автор: admin

Публикация №1190294037 20 сентября 2007

In the wake of the carnage and chaos caused by revolution and civil war, the Bolsheviks took control of Russia and looked toward economic reform to foster national recovery. Approved by the Tenth Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1921, the New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed for a light private industry, a free service sector, limited consumer industry, and free domestic trade in agricultural products. The idea behind NEP was to promote economic recovery so that Russia's evolution to socialism and communism could rest on firm material foundations...

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Culture and Revolution in Revolutionary Russia. Was Russian cultural expression subsumed by politics during the revolutionary era? На фото: Culture and Revolution in Revolutionary Russia. Was Russian cultural expression subsumed by politics during the revolutionary era?, автор: admin

Публикация №1190293988 20 сентября 2007

An old cliché about Russia holds that its culture and politics are and have always been (at least in modern times) inseparably bound. Lacking parliaments, civil institutions, civic freedoms, and pluralistic environments, Russians' sole opportunity to articulate political ideas was within the only realm where they enjoyed relative freedom, thought and creativity. Russian literature, the argument holds, was full of social ideas about peasants, women, democracy, socialism, reaction, conservatism, and all other sorts of matters that Russians could discuss but never do much about.
Recent research challenges this assumption. Far from dominating the arts and creative life, politics seems to have developed, particularly in the late imperial era, in isolation from Russian cultural life. Plays, operas, ballets, and newer forms such as operetta, cabaret, vaudeville, film, and the circus were largely apolitical in content, geared toward audiences who either had little stake in the system or remained apathetic toward it or, if they cared about politics at all, preferred to keep it separate from entertainment. Theaters and cinemas were turning into places of diversion and relaxation. This chapter assesses the merits of both arguments...

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