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Nicholas, II На фото: Nicholas, II, автор: admin

Публикация №1188913690 04 сентября 2007

Nicholas II (1868-1918), the czar of Russia from 1894 to 1917, was a staunch defender of autocracy. A weak monarch, he was forced to abdicate, thus ending more than 300 years of Romanov rule in Russia...

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U.S. Lend Lease Policy На фото: U.S. Lend Lease Policy, автор: admin

Публикация №1188913604 04 сентября 2007

Great Britain and the United States first committed aid to the Soviet Union in October 1941. Not until 1942, however, did matériel begin reaching the U.S.S.R. in quantity. Just how much was sent, and what role it played in the Russian war effort, was a point of controversy during the Cold War. Soviet authorities insisted that Lend Lease amounted to no more than 4 percent of Russia's own production. Even that trickle of aid, it was asserted, was doled out grudgingly, so that the U.S.S.R. nearly bled itself white meeting the German onslaught...

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Russian Military Logistics in World War I На фото: Russian Military Logistics in World War I, автор: admin

Публикация №1188913493 04 сентября 2007

Among the most enduring images of the Russian effort in the Great War is a lack of the tools of modern war--not merely artillery pieces, shells, and aircraft but also basic requirements, such as small arms. Accounts are replete with stories of replacements being sent unarmed to the front and told to pick up the rifles of casualties, or of bayonets being used to do the work that more-sophisticated armies entrusted to shells and bullets...

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Sergei Yulevich Witte (1849-1915) [Russian minister of finance] На фото: Sergei Yulevich Witte (1849-1915) [Russian minister of finance], автор: admin

Публикация №1188913436 04 сентября 2007

Sergei Witte often expressed sympathy for the many non-Russians in his country. Jews, Poles, and other peoples who were not Russian or Orthodox Christian frequently faced discriminatory laws in the businesses, education, and government of the Russian Empire. But there were basic contradictions in Witte's political career. On the one hand, he held very progressive views and stood for abolishing laws that discriminated on the basis of ethnic origins. Such laws, he felt, hindered the growth of Russia's productivity. Yet this modern outlook contrasted with his admiration for the old traditions of the Russian monarchy, whose absolute powers were often the source of discriminatory laws in the first place. When the Russian emperor Alexander II was assassinated by terrorists in 1881, Witte briefly joined a secret society dedicated to seeking out and destroying terrorists...

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First Meeting of the Duma (Russian Parliament Convenes), May 10, 1906-July 21, 1906 [historical document] На фото: First Meeting of the Duma (Russian Parliament Convenes), May 10, 1906-July 21, 1906 [historical document], автор: admin

Публикация №1188913364 04 сентября 2007

First meeting of Russian representative assembly...

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Russia's Revolution of 1905. Was Lenin right when he called the Revolution of 1905 a dress rehearsal for the Revolution of 1917? На фото: Russia's Revolution of 1905. Was Lenin right when he called the Revolution of 1905 a dress rehearsal for the Revolution of 1917?, автор: admin

Публикация №1188913306 04 сентября 2007

Three years after his party's successful coup d'état in 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin referred to the Revolution of 1905 as a "dress rehearsal" for the events of 1917. In 1905, Russian society was torn asunder by the Bloody Sunday (22 January) shootings of unarmed workers demonstrating for a redress of their grievances and by a costly and unsuccessful war with Japan. In the midst of rising urban and rural lawlessness, strikes, and civil unrest came calls for a constitutional state with guaranteed civil rights and representative institutions...

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Russia's Provisional Government and World War I На фото: Russia's Provisional Government and World War I, автор: admin

Публикация №1188913254 04 сентября 2007

The reasons for the collapse of the Provisional Government in November 1917 and its replacement by Bolshevik rule are the subject of a contentious debate among historians of revolutionary Russia. After the fall of the tsarist government in March of that year, the largely self-appointed Provisional Government took temporary charge of national affairs, expressing its commitment to the full democratization of Russia and implementing important reforms in justice and civil liberties. It also continued Russian involvement in World War I. Like its tsarist predecessor, however, the Provisional Government could not mobilize the troops, gather the resources, or marshal the people's resolve to prevail against Germany and its allies. By late 1917 the Provisional Government had lost much of its legitimacy in the eyes of the Russian people and was easily replaced by a communist regime that promised to end Russian participation in the conflict...

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Influence of the Russian Revolution on the Paris Peace Settlement На фото: Influence of the Russian Revolution on the Paris Peace Settlement, автор: admin

Публикация №1188912908 04 сентября 2007

World War I officially ended in Paris and its palatial suburbs, in a series of treaties signed between 1919 and 1923. Formally ending hostilities fell against the backdrop of dramatic events in Russia, which experienced its continuing revolution and civil war in those years. This chapter assesses whether Russian developments had any meaningful impact on what was happening at the close of the "war to end all wars."
One argument maintains that this influence was profound. Allied policymakers plainly could not ignore the challenges of the Bolshevik Revolution. Its determination to export revolution to Europe, revisit the earlier peace settlement between Russia and Germany, and create other obstacles for European diplomacy demanded their attention, as did the appearance of representatives of anti-Bolshevik White forces, who successfully agitated for military, financial, and material support in their battle against the Reds. Forming a new world order demanded careful consideration of the nascent Soviet state and its emerging role in the new international order...

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Nicholas II На фото: Nicholas II, автор: admin

Публикация №1188912759 04 сентября 2007

Last Russian tsar, whose failures as a leader combined with the deep problems of his country to bring on revolution in 1917...

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Alexander, II На фото: Alexander, II, автор: admin

Публикация №1188912713 04 сентября 2007

Emperor of Russia known as the "tsar liberator," who emancipated the serfs in 1861 and instituted the first legal and political reforms in an effort to modernize Russia...

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