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Порталус

Russian Energy and Power [Energetics]

Дата публикации: 04 сентября 2007
Публикатор: Научная библиотека Порталус
Рубрика: RUSSIA (TOPICS) ECONOMY →
Источник: (c) http://russia.by
Номер публикации: №1188911078


Russia possesses enormous reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal. It is the largest exporter of natural gas in the world, the world's second-largest exporter of petroleum, and the third-largest consumer of energy in the world.

As of 1 January 2005, Russia's proven reserves of oil were estimated at 60 billion barrels, according to the Oil and Gas Journal. Most of that oil is located between the Central Siberian Plateau and the Ural Mountains, in Western Siberia. Of that amount, about 14 billion barrels are located just north of Japan on Sakhalin Island. Although Russian production fell from 7,819,000 barrels per day in 1992 to 6,070,000 barrels per day in 1998, output since 1999 has risen steadily to an estimated 9,300,000 barrels per day in 2004. Russia has 41 oil refineries with a combined crude oil processing capacity estimated at 5.44 million barrels per day, as of December 2004. However, many are inefficient, old and in need of being modernized. Exports are handled by pipeline, rail and barge transport. For the period January through September 2004, pipelines carried 60% or 4 million barrels of oil per day. Exports by rail accounted for 33% of oil exports, or 2.2 million barrels per day. Barges and other traffic accounted for 7% or two million barrels per day. In 2004, net oil exports were estimated at 6.7 million barrels per day.

As of 1 January 2005, Russia had the world's largest reserves of natural gas, estimated at 1,680 trillion cubic ft, more than two times those of Iran, the next largest county. Russia in 2004 was also the world's largest producer and exporter of natural gas. In that year, natural gas output totaled an estimated 22.4 trillion cu ft, with exports at an estimated 6.5 trillion cu ft. However, in spite of its vast reserves of natural gas, Russia's natural gas production and consumption have remained relatively flat since 1992. In that year natural gas production totaled 22.62 trillion cu ft, with domestic demand at 16.46 trillion cu ft. In 2004, production and consumption were estimated at 21.80 trillion cubic ft and 15.29 cu ft, respectively. The main causes for this are: aging fields; insufficient export pipeline capacity; government regulation; and Russia's state-run natural gas monopoly, Gazprom, which operates the country's network of natural gas pipelines, and produces almost 90% of the country's natural gas. In addition, three major gas fields in Western Siberia, the Urengoi, Yamburg, and Medvezh'ye Fields, which provide Gazprom with more than 70% of its production, are in decline.

Russia's proven coal reserves, estimated at 173 billion short tons as of 1 January 2004, were also the second-largest in the world. Coal production in 2003, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), was estimated at 294.1 million short tons, while output in 2004, was estimated by the Russian Energy Ministry at 308.6 million short tons, less than one-third of US production. Domestic demand for coal in 2003 was estimated at 254.8 million short tons.

Although electric power generation fell following the breakup of the Soviet Union, output has begun to recover since 1999. In 2003 and 2004, Russian electric power output was estimated at 850.6 billion kWh, and at 915.0 billion kWh, respectively. Consumption of electricity in 2003 and 2004 was estimated at 780.0 billion kWh and 860.0 billion kWh, respectively. Total installed capacity in 2004 was estimated at 208 million kW, of which thermal generation accounted for 68% of electrical capacity, hydro accounted for 22% of capacity, and nuclear 10% of capacity. As of February 2005, Russia had more than 440 thermal and hydroelectric generating stations and 31 nuclear reactors. In 2001, a 1,000 MW reactor began operating at the Rostov facility.

Опубликовано на Порталусе 04 сентября 2007 года

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