Публикация №1188909936 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус POLITICS
In the elections to the State Duma held 12 December 1993, 225 of the 450 seats were elected on the basis of proportional representation from party lists, which had to receive a minimum of 5% of the national vote to gain representation. The other 225 seats were elected from single-member districts...
Libraries and Museums Of Russia
Публикация №1188909878 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус CULTURE
The Russian State Library in Moscow serves as the national library as well as a public, with the largest collection in the country (about 45 million items). It should not be confused with Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, which is one of the oldest public libraries in eastern Europe; it holds over 34 million volumes. There are over 50,000 public libraries throughout the country. Some of the larger collections include the Gorky Moscow Institute of Literature library in Moscow (13.2 million volumes), the State University of Technology library in St. Petersburg (2.9 million volumes), the Bauman Moscow State Engineering University library (three million volumes), the Moscow M. V. Lomonosov State University (7.27 million volumes), the State University at Petersburg (6.4 million volumes), and dozens of other massive collections throughout the country. The Russian Library Association was established in 1994...
Публикация №1188909816 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус POLITICS
Russia is a democratic federative state based on rule of law with a division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It is a constitutional government, based on a post-Soviet constitution, which was approved in a referendum held 12 December 1993. The constitution establishes a bicameral legislature known as the Federal Assembly. The lower house (State Duma) consists of 450 elected deputies while the 178-member upper house (Council of the Federation) is composed of representatives of the provinces and autonomous republics that make up Russia...
Публикация №1188909770 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус POLITICS
Russia has a complicated patchwork of regional and local governments, including 89 federal subjects of constituencies. Those 89 units are not of equal status. Russia is divided into 6 krais, 49 oblasts, 1 autonomous oblast, 10 autonomous okrugs, and two independent cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg). There are also 21 autonomous republics where non-Russian minorities predominate (or once predominated). The Chechen republic of Ichkeria, is, de facto, a separate state, although not recognized as such by the federal authorities...
International Cooperation Of Russia
Публикация №1188909703 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус - Foreign relations
Russia has essentially assumed and expanded upon the foreign relations ties established by the former Soviet Union. In one form or another, it has held a seat in the United Nations since 24 October 1945; it is a part of several nonregional specialized agencies, such as IAEA, ICAO, ILO, UNHCR, UNIDO, and the WHO. Russia is a permanent member of the UN Security Council. The nation is also member of APEC, the Commonwealth of Independent Nations, the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone, the Council of the Baltic Sea States, the Council of Europe, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, G-8, the Paris Club (G-10), and the OSCE. In June 2001, leaders of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan met in China to launch the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and sign an agreement to fight terrorism and ethnic and religious militancy while promoting trade. The country holds observer status in the OAS, the WTO, and the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). Russia is a dialogue partner in ASEAN and part of the ASEAN Regional Forum...
Публикация №1188909639 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус ARMED FORCES
With the collapse of the original Soviet Union in 1992, Russia established a separate Ministry of Defense and military establishment upon the wreckage of the Soviet armed forces. Still formidable in terms of weapons and equipment, the Russian armed forces reached a low state of morale and effectiveness in 1993, "hollowed" by low-manning, the failure of draft calls, diversion to survival tasks rather than training, and lack of discipline. In the following years, military reforms were undertaken. The first phase, completed by the end of 1998, involved reorganization of the military command structure, redistricting, and troop reductions. The second phase focused on equipment modernization and operational readiness. Readiness was also improved in response to the NATO bombing of Serbia following hostilities in Kosovo...
Публикация №1188909589 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус DEMOGRAPHICS
During 1979-88, Russia gained 1,747,040 people through net migration from other Soviet republics. Germany took in 156,299 former Soviet Germans in 1991. As of May, 1996, there were still 75,000 internally displaced persons from the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Following the military conflicts in Chechnya of 1994, 220,000 people fled to the neighboring republics of Daghestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia...
Публикация №1188909367 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус HISTORY
The history of Russia is usually dated from the 9th century ad when a loose federation of the eastern Slavic tribes was achieved under the legendary Rurik. At this time, Kiev was the political and cultural center. Vulnerable due to the flat land that surrounded them, the Kievan rulers sought security through expansion--a policy that subsequent Russian leaders frequently pursued...
Публикация №1188909303 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE
Decades of Soviet mismanagement resulted in the catastrophic pollution of land, air, rivers, and seacoasts. Air pollution is especially a problem in the Urals and Kuznetsk (where vast populations are exposed to hazardous emissions from metal-processing plants) as well as in the Volga and Moscow regions. In 1992 Russia had the world's third-highest level of industrial carbon dioxide emissions, which totaled 2.1 billion metric tons, a per capita level of 14.11 metric tons. However, in 1996 the total dropped to 1.5 billion metric tons and in 2000 the total was about 1.4 billion metric tons...
Публикация №1188909260 04 сентября 2007 / Научная библиотека Порталус GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE
ssia has several soil and vegetation zones, each with its characteristic flora and fauna. Northernmost is the so-called arctic desert zone, which includes most of the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the seacoast of the Taymyr Peninsula. These areas are characterized by the almost complete absence of plant cover; only mosses and lichens are to be found. Birds and mammals associated with the sea (sea calf, seal, and walrus) are typical of this zone...
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