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публикация №1668292077, версия для печати
A "GOLDEN HUNDRED" OF THE CENTURY
Дата публикации: 13 ноября 2022 |
Moving into a new century, it's quite natural to look back and ponder - cast up a balance, so to speak, and identify symbol names and events. What were the symbols of the twentieth century? What impacted our life in these hundred years? The A-bomb, computers and Internet? The discovery of a genetic code? The cloned sheep Dolley? Yes, sure... If we take a closer look and consider other, not so big events, we will still give pride of place to scientific and technological achievements, the breakthroughs. The Moscow-published Nezavisimaya Gavta (its English logo is Independent Newspaper) runs a supplement, NG-NAUKA, or IN-SCIENCE, which did exactly that-it struck a balance of scientific and technological achievements of the century Throughout the year 2000 it was polling readership on these four nominations, to use the pat word: - Outstanding scientists of the century; - Scientific discoveries and theories (concepts) that impacted most of all the course of human civilization in the twentieth century; - Most significant technologies and inventions; - Greatest state-of-the-art technical (engineering) projects. The readers' opinion poll produced a hundred names all in all, a "golden hundred" of 20th century science and engineering. Let's go over it plank by plank. Outstanding Scientists 1. Ivan Pavlov (theory of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes-known as the Pavlovian reflexes); 2. Marie Sklodowska Curie (works on radioactivity); 3. Nikolai Semyonov (theory of branching chemical reactions); 4. Otto Hahn (uranium fission); 5. Albert Einstein (special and general theory of relativity); 6. Niels Bohr (atomic structure theory); 7. Max Planck (quantum theory); 8. Wolfgang Pauli (the Pauli exclusion principle in quantum mechanics); 9. Werner Heisenberg (quantum mechanics); 10. Paul Dirac (quantum mechanics); 11. Enrico Fermi (nuclear and neutron physics); 12. Edward Teller (nuclear reactions); 13. Steven Hawking ("black holes" radiation theory); 14. Benois Mandelbrot (fractional geometry); 15. Francis Crick, James Watson (discovery of a DNA double helix); 16. Norbert Wiener (cybernetics); 17. Ilya Prigozhin (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes); 18. Dennis Gabor (holography); 19. Alexander Friedman (model of a nonstationary expanding Universe); 20. Claud Shannon (mathematical information theory); 21. William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain (transistor effect); 22. Alexander Fleming (discovery of penicillin); 23. Jules Henri Poincare (mathematical formulization of the special theory of relativity); 24. Tim Berners Leigh (World-Wide Web conception); 25. Christian Barnard (human heart transplant); 26. Pyotr Kapitsa (low-temperature physics); 27. Thomas Morgan (genetics); 28. Andrei Sakharov (works on thermonuclear fusion); 29. Fritz Haber (ammonia synthesis); 30. Glenn Seaborg (synthesis of transuranium elements); 31. Sergei Korolyov (realization of Soviet space projects); 32. Nikolai Vavilov (genetics); 33. Igor Kurchatov (development of the Soviet atomic weapon); 34. Vladimir Vernadsky (theory of the noosphere); 35. Vladimir Ipatyev (high-pressure and high-temperature chemistry); 36. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (theory of space flights); 37. Yuliy Khariton (development of the Soviet atomic weapon); page 93 page 94 page 95 38. Vladimir Utkin (development of Soviet aerospace technology); 39. Andrei Mirzabekov (genome sequencing); 40. Nikolai Basov, Alexander Prokhorov (works on quantum electronics); 41. Wallace Carothers (nylon synthesis). Scientific Discoveries and Theories That Impacted the Course of Human Civilization 1. Special theory of relativity; 2. General theory of relativity; 3. Quantum mechanics; 4. Transistor effect; 5. Electro-weak interactions theory; 6. The noosphere concept; 7. Dissipative systems theory; 8. Branching chain reactions; 9. Laser effects; 10. DNA double helix; 11. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); 12. Theory of immunity; 13. Discovery of chromosomes as heredity carriers; 14. Experimental proof of the quantum phenomenon; 15. Correlation of Heisenberg's indeterminacy; 16. Entropy principle; 17. Big Bang theory; 18. Quark theory of the structure of matter; 19. High-temperature superconductivity; 20. Sustainable development concept; 21. "Nuclear winter" concept; 22. Discovery of embryonal stem cells; 23. Continental drift theory; 24. Synthesis of transuranium elements; 25. Isolation of telamerase, an enzyme arresting the process of cell aging; 26. Vavilov's law of homologous series; 27. Discovery of the relict lake Vostok under a three-kilometer-thick ice shield in the heart of the Antarctic Continent; 28. Discovery of blood groups; 29. Planetary model of the atom; 30. Vavilov-Cherenkov effect (luminous radiation of electrons moving in water); 31. X-ray diffraction in crystals; 32. Cosmological theory ofsuperstrings. Most Significant Technologies and Inventions 1. Gene engineering; 2. Internet; 3. Cloning of mammals; 4. Nuclear power engineering; 5. Lasers; 6. Computer virtual realities; 7. Silicon microchips; 8. Fiber-optics communication; 9. Facsimile service (FAX); 10. Mobile telephone; 11. Nanotechnologies; 12. Tomography; 13. Fullerene synthesis; 14. Television; 15. Compact disks (CD) and compact video disks (CVD); 16. Radiolocation and radar; 17. Thermonuclear fusion; 18. Molecular microchips for genome decoding; 19. Jet aircraft; 20. Synthesis of plastics; 21. Ball-point pen; 22. Zipper fastener; 23. Xerox; 24. SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, otherwise known as Aqualung); 25. Perfluoran ("blue blood") - blood substitute based on perfluorocarbon emulsions; 26. Technology of "clean rooms"; 27. Bubble chamber; 28. Particle accelerators; 29. Rotor automated transfer lines. State-of-the-art Technical Projects 1. "Sarcophagus" (a dome built over the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power station); 2. Man's moon walk; 3. "Vega" project (assay of the substance of Halley's comet); 4. Kalashnikov submachine gun; 5. Sojourner Mars rover (the Martian station Mars Pathfinder); 6. The biggest H-bomb (50 megatons) developed and tested in the Soviet Union; 7. Orbital station MIR; 8. High dam of the Rogunskaya hydro-power station (355 m high); 9. Human heart transplant; 10. The world's first artificial satellite of the earth (sputnik); 11. Superdeep well on the Kola Peninsula (over 12,000 meters deep); 12. The Lenin nuclear icebreaker; 13. Ground-effect machine (plane) Monster of the Caspian (body length, 100 m; wing span, 40 m; 10 jet engines; speed, 800 km/h just several meters above water surface); 14. Unmanned mission of the Soviet space shuttle BURAN; 15. English Channel tunnel; 16. Hubble telescope; 17. Human genome project; 18. Siberian mining-and-chemical plant (Krasnoyarsk-20); 19. Soyu-Appolo Test Project; 20. Petronas Twin Towers (452 m) built in the downtown district of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia; 21. Ostankino TV tower in Moscow (537 m); 22. Radio broadcasting on a regular basis; 23. The first soft landing on Venus of the Soviet interplanetary probe VENERA-3; 24. Jovian probe GALILEO; 25. Space shuttle craft; 26. Big Adron Collider, a particle accelerator at the European Center of Nuclear Research (CERN); 27. CYCLOPE king-size marine platform for natural gas recovery in the North Sea; 28. GOELRO plan (State Plan for the Electrification of Russia). Опубликовано 13 ноября 2022 года Картинка к публикации:Полная версия публикации №1668292077 → © Portalus.ru Главная → RUSSIA (TOPICS) → A "GOLDEN HUNDRED" OF THE CENTURY При перепечатке индексируемая активная ссылка на PORTALUS.RU обязательна! |
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