1801. The first liberal reforms of Alexander I: the release of prisoners, the opening of borders, and the freedom to import foreign literature. The restoration of charters for the nobility and cities.

1802: The establishment of the Ministry of War. General of Infantry S. Vyazmitinov becomes the first Minister of War in Russia.

1803 - 1805: Russia's expansion into the Caucasus. The annexation of Mingrelia, Imereti, and Guria.

1803 - 1806. The first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors on the sloop "Nadezhda" under the command of I. Krusenstern.

In 1809, Mikhail Speransky presented a project for state reforms that called for a gradual transition to a constitutional monarchy.

1810 - 1811. The beginning of Speransky's reforms. The State Council and 11 ministries were established.

1812, Napoleon's "Grand Army", having crossed the Neman, enters Russia on June 12 (24). The Patriotic war begins. The retreat of the Russian army, the Battle of Saltanovka, the surrender of Vitebsk, the Battle of Smolensk. Battle of Borodino 26.08 (7.09). Defeat of the French at Tarutino and Red. Expulsion of the French from Russia on November 1b (28).

1813 - 1814. The Russian Army's Campaign Abroad. Battles at Lützen, Bautzen, and Dresden. The defeat of the French forces at Leipzig. The entry of Russian troops into Paris.

1815. In Russia, the General Staff was established for the first time as the central body of military administration.

1817. A. P. Yermolov, appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces in the Caucasus, begins to fortify the border to protect against the raids of the highlanders. Construction of the Sunzha Line.

1819 - 1821. A round-the-world expedition of Russian sailors led by F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev, during which Antarctica was discovered. The establishment of St. Petersburg University.

In 1825, the first state-owned steel mill in Aleksandrovka was established. A year later, the first rolling mill in Russia was installed here.

1825: Death (19.11 (1.12) of Alexander I in Taganrog. The Decembrist Uprising. The accession of Nicholas I.

1826. The political police and the gendarmerie corps were established under the leadership of A. Benckendorff (the Third Section). Strengthening the fight against dissent.

1827. The "Regulations on the Organization of the Customs Border Guard" were approved. This marked the beginning of the formation of the Russian border service.

1828 - 1829. The Russo-Turkish War. The capture of Varna, Kars, and Erzerum by Russian troops. The conclusion of the Treaty of Adrianople, which granted Russia the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the Danube Delta.

In 1837, the first passenger railway was built between Saint Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo (26 km).

In 1839, the first observatory in Russia was opened in Pulkovo, near St. Petersburg.

1849 - 1855. Expedition of Captain G. Nevelskoy to the Far East, exploration of the Amur River mouth, and the founding of Nikolaevsk on Sakhalin.

1853 - 1856. The Crimean (Eastern) War. The defeat of the Turkish fleet by P. Nakhimov's squadron at Sinop. The defeat of the Tusyuks at Bashkadyklar. The declaration of war by England and France against Russia and the entry of the allied fleet into the Black Sea. The heroic defense of Sevastopol. The conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, which resulted in Russia losing Southern Bessarabia, returning Kare to Turkey, and losing its right to have a military fleet in the Black Sea.

1855: The Russian-Japanese Treaty on the Division of the Kuril Islands and the Joint Ownership of Sakhalin Island.

1855. Alexander II ascends the throne. The beginning of bourgeois reforms.

1861. The Manifesto on the Emancipation of the Peasants from Serfdom was published, according to which about 20 million serfs were freed. D. Milyutin became the head of the Ministry of War. The beginning of Milyutin's military reforms.

1874. Introduction of universal military service in Russia.

1876. The creation of the revolutionary populist organization "Land and Freedom" under the leadership of G. Plekhanov and V. Figner.

1877-1878. The Russo-Turkish War. The Battle of Shipka, the capture of Plevna, the crossing of the Balkans by Russian troops under the command of Gurko, and the capture of Adrianople. The conclusion of the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin. Russia retains Southern Bessarabia, Kare, and Batum.

In 1879, the split of "Land and Freedom", and the supporters of terrorism (A. Zhelyabov, S. Kravchinsky, and S. Perovskaya) formed the organization "Narodnaya Volya". A month later, the organization's executive committee issued a death sentence for the Tsar.

1881 Narodnaya Volya assassinate (March 1 (13)) Alexander II. The beginning of the reign of Alexander III.

1881. The Russian Black Sea Fleet was re-established.

1883 In Geneva, the Emancipation of Labor group was founded, which included G. Plekhanov, P. Axelrod and V. Zasulich. The beginning of Russian Marxism.

1894: Death (20.10 (1.11) of Alexander III in Crimea. Accession of Nicholas II.

1895: The invention of the radio telegraph by A.S. Popov.

1896: The coronation of Nicholas II and the Khodynka Field disaster in Moscow.

1898: The formation of the unified Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) at a congress in Minsk.